A new experimental technique has been developed to measure the pressure distribution over the surface of a spinning wind tunnel model. The technique is unique in that all elements of the instrumentation, thus avoiding many of the technical problems and operational limitations associated with previous attempts to measure this Effect. Surface pressure distributions were obtained for selected tip speed ratios for different angles of attack (5000rpm). The results obtained from the pressure profiles determine the Magnus forces and make it possible to interpret the boundary layer and the Effects of separation. In this method, in addition to determining the Magnet force, its distribution on the model is also obtained. The results show that most of the Magnus force is created at the ends of the projectile. The validity of the data was established by comparing the integrated pressure values with directly measured balance data. Similar results were obtained by the numerical simulations and were compared with the experimental data. This new technique can be applied to a variety of model configurations and Mach number regimes.

The ratio of lift to drag coefficient in wind turbine blades is one of the most important parameters affecting the power coefficient of wind turbines. Due to the performance of Magnus wind turbines in low speed air flow, such turbines are attractive for research centers. In the present work, a new geometry for the blades of Magnus wind turbines is defined. The defined geometry is based on the geometry of a Treadmill with the difference being that the diameter of its leading circle is greater than that of its trailing one. In the present work, the body is assumed to have a low speed air flow while a tangential velocity is applied to the airfoil surfaces and then, its Effect on the lift and drag coefficient is studied by numerical method. The Effect of generated tangential velocity on the surfaces is investigated for different air flow speed and attack angles, and its results are compared with those for stationary surfaces. The results show that generating tangential velocity along the surfaces causes the lift and drag coefficients and their ratio to be varied considerably. By the tangential movement of the surfaces, the maximum ratio of lift to drag coefficient occurs in zero attack angle which is equal to 109. Moreover, maximum magnitude of lift to drag coefficient for attack angles 5, 10, and 15 degrees are 81, 64, and 57, respectively. It should be mentioned that the results of this study can be used for determining the proper tangential velocity according to attack angle and air flow velocity to reach the maximum ratio of lift to drag coefficient.

Thermoregulation is the maintenance of the core body temperature. The regulation of body temperature is one of the most important functions of the nervous system. Nucleus raphe Magnus, as a central circuit coordinates the homeostatic response and maintains body temperature during environmental temperature challenges and adjusts body temperature during the inflammatory response and behavioral states and in response to decreasing energy homeostasis. Our aim in this review is the understanding of thermoregulation by raphe Magnus in mammals. This review summarizes the basic concepts of thermoregulation and subsequently assesses the physiological responses to cold stress, including skin blood flow control, sweating, sympathetic-derived cutaneous vasoconstriction and peripheral thermoregulatory control in brown adipose tissue.

Background and Purpose: Cryptococcus. Magnus is a non-Cryptococcus neoformans species isolated from certain plants, soil, air, and arctic glaciers. Case report: This report describes a case of a 23-year-old Iranian female with pruritus and vaginal irritation. Conventional tests and molecular analysis of the samples of vaginal discharge were performed. The mentioned analyses revealed Cryptococcus Magnus as the causative agent of vaginal infection. The minimum inhibitory concentration analysis revealed that this species is susceptible to itraconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, and amphotericin B. The patient received 200 mg of oral ketoconazole once daily for 10 days. The patient did not show any clinical signs of vaginal infection after six months. Conclusion: C. Magnus was found to have the ability to cause vulvovaginitis. This is the first report of successful detection and treatment of vulvovaginal infection with C. Magnus.

Purpose: The nucleus raphe Magnus (NRM) is a medullary nucleus containing serotonergic and non serotonergic neurons, both of which densely project to spinal cord. The goal of this study was to determine the role of these non serotonergic neurons in pain perception and their cytological changes after the specific lesion of bulbo-spinal serotonergic pathway.Materials and Methods: Male rats were intrathecally administered 5,6 Dihydroxytryptamine (5,6 DHT). Then animals were perfused 5, 14 and 30 days after the injection of neurotoxin or vehicle. Serial microtom sections (5-8 microns) were Nissl Stained, and the cytological changes of neurons were evaluated by light microscope.Results: The results revealed that the number of all three types of NRM neurons was significantly reduced following the intrathecal injection of 5, 6 DHT. The reduction was not recovered within one month, although; the pain perception returned to normal level. In addition, a significant enlargement (increase in long axis) was also observed in NRM neurons after the chemical lesions of descending 5-HT pathways (p<0.001).Conclusion: It is concluded that no evident recovery will be seen in serotonergic pathways after their select in destruction, although the pain perception becomes normal after one month. Normal threshold of pain indicates a probable function adaptation of other transmission systems, which compensates for the loss of serotonergic neurons.

Introduction & Objective: Effective materials from Valerian officinalis L. have too much usage in the pharmacological industry. It is used as a sedative, anticonvulsion, and antidepressant drug. Serotonin has a widespread role in vital function such as sleep, awareness and calmness. In this study we evaluated the Effect of hydrochloric extract of valerian on number and size of raphe Magnus neurons in adult rat.Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, which was conducted at Yasuj University of Medical Sciences in 2009, forty adult Wistar rats, each 170-250 gr, were divided randomly into four groups (one control group and three experimental groups). The animals were injected daily for one month with doses of 300, 400 and 600 mg/kg of the extract. The control group just received distilled water. After transcardial perfusion, the whole brain was separated, then 10 μm sections of the brain stem were prepared, and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were done. Number and size of raphe magna neurons were observed under light microscope. The gathered data were analyzed by the SPSS software using One-way ANOVA and LSD.Results: The control group did not statistically show significant changes in number of raphe magna neurons. Comparison of the means of long and short diameter neurons showed significant increases in experimental groups with control group (P<0.05). In experimental groups the neuron nucleuses were more euchromatic than the control group.Conclusion: Hydrochloric extract of valerian has no Effect on raphe Magnus neurons, but it is Effective on neurons' size. It can be concluded that the extract increases both neurons activity and serotonin secretion.

The aim of this work is to carry out an aerodynamic analysis to assess the power and identify the characteristics of the horizontal axis Magnus type wind turbine with spiral fins. A parametric study is achieved to analyze the Effects of the different influence parameters such as the turbine tip speed ratio, the cylinder spinning ratio, the blade aspect ratio and the cylinder hub-tip ratio. The analysis approach adopted in this study is the Blade Element Momentum BEM using the experimental lift coefficient data for the configuration of spinning cylinders with spiral fins. In this analysis, losses are not taken in consideration. Both axial and angular interference coefficients are evaluated for this type of wind turbine. The former is assessed by solving a quadratic equation and the latter is calculated from a classic formulation including the term of spinning. An iterative process is followed to achieve this task. Concerning the obtained results, the aerodynamic characteristics of the Magnus wind turbine, analyzed in this study, provide some elucidation to lead a successful preliminary design of this novel type of machine.

Introduction & aim: valerian root extraction is used in the treatment of sleep disorders, stress, depression, anxiety, muscle stiffness and tension. Astrocytes have role of nutrition, protection and support of the neurons. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Effects of Valeriana extract on nucleus raphe Magnus in the number and size of rat astrocytes.Methods: In the present experimental study, forty male Wistar rats weighing170-250g were randomly divided into four groups, including control and three experimental groups. The control group received distilled water and three experimental groups received 300, 400 and 600mg valerian root extract daily respectively for two weeks by gavage. Phsophotangestic acid staining was used to examine astrocytes. The size and number of astrocytes were calculated with LS.starter software. Data were analyzed, using SPSS software for statistical analysis and ANOVA and LSD tests.Results: The mean number of astrocytes in the experimental groups of three and four with the control group and experimental two showed a significant increase (P <0.05). Compare mean of great length of astrocytes in experimental groups of two, three and four with the control group showed a significant decrease and between the experimental group two and experimental groups of three and four a statistically significant differences were observed (P<0.05).Conclusion: Oral administration of hydro alcoholic extract of valerian increases astrocytes number and decreases their size in nucleus of raphe Magna, which indicated the Effect of this extraction on proliferation of astrocytes increasing.